Frontier mental health research: psychedelics & drug studies

Each month our editorial team sifts through hundreds of papers and curates notable findings—for practitioners and informed readers who want to stay current with the evidence. Subscribe to the monthly Research Digest for expert analysis and concise summaries of key papers.

7 papers

Ayahuasca for PTSD

Based on 11 papers

Research on ayahuasca for PTSD is small but interesting. Lab and animal studies show the active ingredient (DMT) can change brain cells and connections. Human studies that directly test ayahuasca for PTSD are limited, so most clinical claims are based on early trials, patient reports, or studies of other psychedelics. Scientists see promise, but they also see important limits. Stronger clinical evidence exists for other psychedelic treatments (for example MDMA) than for ayahuasca. Safety questions, the right way to give the medicine, and whether results apply across different cultures still need more study.

Key findings

  • Some lab and animal studies show DMT (the main active compound in ayahuasca) can make neurons grow more branches and form more synapses, which is a sign the brain’s wiring can change (this is called neuroplasticity). 15050 15091 15059
  • A large review of human studies found no clear change in blood levels of BDNF (a protein often used as a marker of brain change) after people received psychoplastogen drugs, which suggests blood BDNF is not a reliable proof that these drugs changed the human brain. 15129 15091
  • Patient reports collected across studies of several psychedelics (including ayahuasca) often describe helpful experiences such as personal insights, a changed sense of self, and stronger social connection. People also say the therapy setting, music, and the relationship with therapists strongly shape outcomes. 15092 15063
  • Evidence that psychedelic treatments can help PTSD is growing, but most of the strongest clinical trials for PTSD so far have tested MDMA-assisted therapy rather than ayahuasca. Trials of ayahuasca specifically are fewer and smaller. 15063 15085 15059
  • Animal studies and some reviews show effects of compounds can depend on dose and sex, and high doses or certain drugs can cause harm in animals. This means safety and dosing need careful study before saying ayahuasca is safe for PTSD patients. 15050 15085 15091
  • Reviews of the field emphasize that how the drug is given and the surrounding therapy matter a lot for results and safety. Researchers stress careful medical oversight and prepared therapy sessions as part of treatment plans in studies. 15091 15063 15087
  • People of color were greatly underrepresented in older psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy studies, so we cannot be sure results apply equally across different ethnic and cultural groups. 15095 15092
  • Key unknowns remain: we still need larger, well-controlled clinical trials of ayahuasca for PTSD, clearer measures of how it works in the human brain, and longer follow-up to know lasting benefits and risks. 15091 15129 15059

Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: a review of the literature

Timothy I. Michaels, Jennifer Purdon, Alexis Collins, Monnica T. Williams
BMC Psychiatry Summary & key facts 2018 247 citations

The authors reviewed psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy studies published from 1993 to 2017 to see how many people of color took part. They found 18 studies with about 280 people. About 82% of participants were non-Hispanic White, while only small percentages were African American, Latino, Asian, indigenous, or mixed race. Because so…

Natural Compound Pharmacology Studies Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ayahuasca LSD

Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Neuroplastic, Immunomodulatory, and Neurotransmitter Mechanisms

Antonio Inserra, Danilo De Gregorio, Gabriella Gobbi
Pharmacological Reviews Summary & key facts 2020 215 citations

This review looked at many studies about classic psychedelics (like psilocybin and LSD), MDMA, ketamine, and plant medicines (like ayahuasca). The authors explain how these drugs can change the brain’s wiring, calm inflammatory processes, and shift key brain chemicals. Those actions may help explain why small clinical trials and animal…

Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Tryptophan and brain disorders Ayahuasca Ketamine

Psychedelic Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis of Patient Experiences in Qualitative Studies

Joost J. Breeksema, Alistair Niemeijer, Erwin Krediet, Eric Vermetten, Robert A. Schoevers
CNS Drugs Summary & key facts 2020 207 citations

Researchers collected and read 15 studies where patients described their own experiences with psychedelic treatments for mental disorders. These studies looked at about 180 patient accounts across different drugs and different illnesses. Even though the drugs and treatment settings were very different, many patients described similar helpful processes, such as…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ayahuasca Ibogaine

Psychedelics: Alternative and Potential Therapeutic Options for Treating Mood and Anxiety Disorders

Henry Lowe, Ngeh J. Toyang, Blair Steele, Justin Grant, Amza Ali, Lorenzo Gordon, et al.
Molecules Summary & key facts 2022 52 citations

This paper is a review of research about psychedelic drugs and whether they could help with mood and anxiety problems. It explains that these drugs were used for thousands of years in some cultures, then were banned in the 1960s which slowed scientific study. The authors describe a new wave…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ayahuasca LSD

Psychedelic therapies reconsidered: compounds, clinical indications, and cautious optimism

Jennifer Mitchell, B. Anderson
Neuropsychopharmacology Summary & key facts 2023 44 citations

This review describes a rapid rise in medical research on psychedelic drugs over the past five years. Several later-stage clinical trials have been published, and many different drugs — including psilocybin, MDMA, ketamine, LSD, ayahuasca, and ibogaine — are being tested for conditions such as depression, post‑traumatic stress, addiction, obsessive‑compulsive…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ayahuasca Ibogaine

Three Naturally-Occurring Psychedelics and Their Significance in the Treatment of Mental Health Disorders

Nataliya S. Vorobyeva, Alena A. Kozlova
Frontiers in Pharmacology Summary & key facts 2022 14 citations

This paper reviews research on three naturally occurring psychedelics: psilocybin, ibogaine, and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (the active part of the brew ayahuasca). It explains that these drugs work on the brain's serotonin system and summarizes growing studies that suggest they might help with problems like post-traumatic stress disorder, major depression, anxiety, and…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ayahuasca Ibogaine

Effects of psychoplastogens on blood levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abigail E. Calder, Adrian Hase, Gregor Hasler
Molecular Psychiatry Summary & key facts 2024 10 citations

Researchers pooled results from 29 human studies that measured blood levels of a protein called brain-derived neurotrophic factor, or BDNF, after people received so-called psychoplastogen drugs such as ketamine or psychedelics. They found no clear change in blood BDNF after these drugs. The authors say this does not prove the…

Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Treatment of Major Depression Ayahuasca Ketamine
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