Frontier mental health research: psychedelics & drug studies

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19 papers

Sadness or low mood

Based on 75 papers

Research shows several different ways can help with sadness or low mood. Right now, the strongest clinical evidence for a fast-acting drug comes from ketamine and its approved form esketamine. At the same time, a wave of studies on classic psychedelics (psilocybin, LSD, DMT) and entactogens (MDMA) looks promising, especially when the drug is given together with careful psychological support. However, most psychedelic studies are still small or early-stage. They often rely on the setting, preparation, and therapy as part of the treatment, so researchers say we need larger, controlled trials and more long-term safety data. Also, non-drug options like brain stimulation and standard psychotherapies remain important parts of treatment plans and have mixed but useful evidence.

Key findings

  • Ketamine has the strongest current clinical evidence among rapid-acting drug options for major depression. 15070
  • An intranasal form of ketamine (esketamine), given with a new oral antidepressant, produced faster and larger symptom improvements than a new antidepressant plus placebo in a randomized trial of treatment‑resistant depression. 12156
  • A direct clinical trial found ketamine treatment was at least as effective as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for some people with hard-to-treat nonpsychotic depression. 10160
  • Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy (for example psilocybin, MDMA, LSD) has shown promising benefits for depression and PTSD in several trials, but most studies so far are small or early-stage and need larger, controlled follow-up studies. 15135 15056 15063 15085
  • Laboratory and early human studies suggest classic psychedelics can boost the brain’s ability to rewire (called neuroplasticity) and can reduce brain inflammation, but blood biomarkers like BDNF do not reliably reflect these brain changes yet. 15132 15050 15129
  • How the drug is given matters a lot: studies and treatment guides agree that preparation, the person’s mindset, the setting, and follow-up therapy (often called 'set, setting, and integration') shape safety and outcomes. 15065 15086 15096
  • There are real safety and equity concerns: some substances (for example ibogaine) carry serious cardiac or neurological risks, some people can develop lasting perceptual problems after hallucinogens, and people of color are often under‑represented in trials. 15085 15048 15095 15094
  • Non-drug brain treatments show mixed results. Small deep brain stimulation (DBS) studies reported large improvements in a few people with severe depression, while a large one‑year trial of vagus nerve stimulation did not show a clear difference on its main outcome but did show some secondary clinician- and patient-rated benefits. 10166 10163
  • Standard psychotherapies help many people but do not work for everyone: pooled data across trials find modest response rates for depression, and clinical guidelines recommend collaborative, personalized care and stepwise treatment plans for major depression. 12851 15076 13305
  • Combining treatments is an active research idea. Early studies suggest pairing ketamine with brain stimulation (like TMS) or combining mindfulness with psychedelic therapy may boost effects, but this is still experimental. 10162 15047

Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: A Paradigm Shift in Psychiatric Research and Development

Eduardo Ekman Schenberg
Frontiers in Pharmacology Summary & key facts 2018 229 citations

This paper describes psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, which means giving drugs like ketamine, MDMA, psilocybin, LSD or ibogaine together with guided therapy. The authors say this approach has shown promising safety and benefits so far, even for people who did not get better with usual treatments. They also argue that these therapies…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ibogaine Ketamine

The psychedelic renaissance and the limitations of a White-dominant medical framework: A call for indigenous and ethnic minority inclusion

Jamilah R. George, Timothy I. Michaels, Jae Sevelius, Monnica T. Williams
Journal of Psychedelic Studies Summary & key facts 2019 212 citations

This paper reviews the recent comeback of psychedelic research and points out that much of that work borrows from indigenous healing traditions. The authors say Indigenous people, ethnic and racial minorities, women, and other marginalized groups are often left out of research and the mainstream story about psychedelic medicine. The…

Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Psychedelics and Drug Studies MDMA Psilocybin

Psychedelic Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis of Patient Experiences in Qualitative Studies

Joost J. Breeksema, Alistair Niemeijer, Erwin Krediet, Eric Vermetten, Robert A. Schoevers
CNS Drugs Summary & key facts 2020 207 citations

Researchers collected and read 15 studies where patients described their own experiences with psychedelic treatments for mental disorders. These studies looked at about 180 patient accounts across different drugs and different illnesses. Even though the drugs and treatment settings were very different, many patients described similar helpful processes, such as…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ayahuasca Ibogaine

Psychedelic medicine: a re-emerging therapeutic paradigm

Kenneth W. Tupper, Evan Wood, Richard Yensen, Matthew W. Johnson

Researchers around the world have started clinical studies again to see if psychedelic drugs can help treat serious mental health problems. This work picks up after research that stopped around the 1950s. Scientists are running controlled studies to test whether these substances can safely reduce problems like depression, anxiety, addiction…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ketamine LSD

Post-Psychedelic Reductions in Experiential Avoidance Are Associated With Decreases in Depression Severity and Suicidal Ideation

Richard J. Zeifman, Anne Catherine Wagner, Ros Watts, Hannes Kettner, Lea J. Mertens, Robin Carhart‐Harris
Frontiers in Psychiatry Summary & key facts 2020 101 citations

Researchers followed two groups of people who planned to use a psychedelic. They gave questionnaires before the trip, then about two weeks and four weeks after. On average, people reported less avoidance of painful thoughts and feelings, lower depression scores, and less thinking about suicide after using a psychedelic. The…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Other

The therapeutic potential of psilocybin: a systematic review

Jan van Amsterdam, Wim van den Brink
Expert Opinion on Drug Safety Summary & key facts 2022 73 citations

This paper looked across existing studies of psilocybin and found that, when it is given along with psychotherapy or therapy-style support, it looks promising as a treatment for several mental health problems, including cases that did not get better with other treatments. But the authors say the current studies are…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Psilocybin

The Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelic-assisted Therapies for Symptom Control in Patients Diagnosed With Serious Illness: A Systematic Review

Lucas Oliveira Maia, Yvan Beaussant, Ana Cláudia Mesquita Garcia

This paper looked at 20 clinical trials to see whether therapies that use psychedelic drugs together with talking therapy can help people who have serious, life‑limiting illnesses. The review found that these therapies often helped with psychological and spiritual problems like anxiety, low mood, and fear of dying. The drugs…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ketamine LSD

Psychedelics: Alternative and Potential Therapeutic Options for Treating Mood and Anxiety Disorders

Henry Lowe, Ngeh J. Toyang, Blair Steele, Justin Grant, Amza Ali, Lorenzo Gordon, et al.
Molecules Summary & key facts 2022 52 citations

This paper is a review of research about psychedelic drugs and whether they could help with mood and anxiety problems. It explains that these drugs were used for thousands of years in some cultures, then were banned in the 1960s which slowed scientific study. The authors describe a new wave…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ayahuasca LSD

Psychedelic therapies reconsidered: compounds, clinical indications, and cautious optimism

Jennifer Mitchell, B. Anderson
Neuropsychopharmacology Summary & key facts 2023 44 citations

This review describes a rapid rise in medical research on psychedelic drugs over the past five years. Several later-stage clinical trials have been published, and many different drugs — including psilocybin, MDMA, ketamine, LSD, ayahuasca, and ibogaine — are being tested for conditions such as depression, post‑traumatic stress, addiction, obsessive‑compulsive…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ayahuasca Ibogaine

Psychedelic Mushrooms in the USA: Knowledge, Patterns of Use, and Association With Health Outcomes

Richard Matzopoulos, Robert Morlock, Amy Morlock, Bernard Lerer, Leonard Lerer
Frontiers in Psychiatry Summary & key facts 2022 41 citations

Researchers ran a national online survey of U.S. adults from November 2020 to March 2021 that was weighted to represent the adult population. They asked about use of psychedelic mushrooms (psilocybin), reasons for use, and mental health. Many users said they took mushrooms for general mental health and well-being. Users…

Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Psychedelics and Drug Studies Psilocybin

Examining the Potential Synergistic Effects Between Mindfulness Training and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy

Maria Eleni Eleftheriou, Emily M Thomas
Frontiers in Psychiatry Summary & key facts 2021 37 citations

Researchers looked at studies on mindfulness training and psychedelic-assisted therapy. They found both can reduce mental-health symptoms and boost well-being. Early results also show that psychedelics can make people more mindful. Combining the two might give stronger benefits, but the evidence is still early. Bigger and better studies are needed…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies Psychedelics and Drug Studies Other

Psychedelics in the treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression

Oliver G. Bosch, Simon Halm, Erich Seifritz

This paper reviews past and recent research on classic psychedelics and some newer psychedelic-like drugs as treatments for unipolar and bipolar depression. Classic psychedelics named in the paper are LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, and ayahuasca. Early carefully controlled studies of psilocybin show encouraging results for unipolar depression, and ketamine (in the…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ayahuasca Ketamine
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