Frontier mental health research: psychedelics & drug studies

Each month our editorial team sifts through hundreds of papers and curates notable findings—for practitioners and informed readers who want to stay current with the evidence. Subscribe to the monthly Research Digest for expert analysis and concise summaries of key papers.

25 papers

Psilocybin for Anxiety or worry

Based on 25 papers

Research so far paints a cautiously hopeful picture about using psilocybin to reduce anxiety. Small clinical trials and reviews show that, when psilocybin is given together with careful therapy and support, some people — especially those facing life‑threatening illness — report less anxiety for weeks or months. However, most studies are small or early stage, and scientists say we need bigger, better trials before we can be sure how well it works, who it helps, and how safe it is long term.

Key findings

  • Controlled trials where psilocybin was given together with psychotherapy have reduced anxiety and depression in patients facing life‑threatening cancer. 15063 15055 15056
  • Reviews of trials for diagnosed anxiety disorders found overall symptom reductions after psychedelic treatments, but only one of the nine trials reviewed used psilocybin specifically and the studies were small. 15068 15056
  • Most research uses psilocybin inside a larger therapy program with hours of preparation and follow‑up, and that therapy seems to matter for both benefits and safety. 15065 15063 15086
  • Laboratory and brain imaging work suggests psilocybin acts on serotonin receptors, can lower activity in a brain network linked to self‑focused worry (the default mode network), and may boost the brain’s ability to form new connections — all possible ways it might affect anxiety. 15132 15050 15135 15091
  • In controlled clinical settings, studies report that psilocybin generally has an acceptable short‑term safety profile, but the drug can cause very strong psychological effects and, rarely, longer‑lasting changes in perception or serious distress. 15135 15055 15080
  • Overall evidence quality is limited: many positive results come from small trials, special groups (like cancer patients), or early‑stage studies, so larger and better controlled trials are still needed. 15056 15078 15087
  • Most published trials included mainly White participants, so we do not know if the findings apply across different racial or cultural groups. 15095
  • A large national survey found people who used psychedelic mushrooms reported higher anxiety and depression scores, but this is an observational finding and cannot show whether mushrooms caused those problems or were used by people already struggling. 15054
  • Some proposed biological markers are unclear: for example, a pooled analysis of many studies found no consistent change in blood BDNF (a protein linked to brain growth) after psychedelic drugs, so the brain‑level explanation is still uncertain. 15129

Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: a review of the literature

Timothy I. Michaels, Jennifer Purdon, Alexis Collins, Monnica T. Williams
BMC Psychiatry Summary & key facts 2018 247 citations

The authors reviewed psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy studies published from 1993 to 2017 to see how many people of color took part. They found 18 studies with about 280 people. About 82% of participants were non-Hispanic White, while only small percentages were African American, Latino, Asian, indigenous, or mixed race. Because so…

Natural Compound Pharmacology Studies Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ayahuasca LSD

Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: A Paradigm Shift in Psychiatric Research and Development

Eduardo Ekman Schenberg
Frontiers in Pharmacology Summary & key facts 2018 229 citations

This paper describes psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, which means giving drugs like ketamine, MDMA, psilocybin, LSD or ibogaine together with guided therapy. The authors say this approach has shown promising safety and benefits so far, even for people who did not get better with usual treatments. They also argue that these therapies…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ibogaine Ketamine

Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Neuroplastic, Immunomodulatory, and Neurotransmitter Mechanisms

Antonio Inserra, Danilo De Gregorio, Gabriella Gobbi
Pharmacological Reviews Summary & key facts 2020 215 citations

This review looked at many studies about classic psychedelics (like psilocybin and LSD), MDMA, ketamine, and plant medicines (like ayahuasca). The authors explain how these drugs can change the brain’s wiring, calm inflammatory processes, and shift key brain chemicals. Those actions may help explain why small clinical trials and animal…

Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Tryptophan and brain disorders Ayahuasca Ketamine

Psychedelic Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis of Patient Experiences in Qualitative Studies

Joost J. Breeksema, Alistair Niemeijer, Erwin Krediet, Eric Vermetten, Robert A. Schoevers
CNS Drugs Summary & key facts 2020 207 citations

Researchers collected and read 15 studies where patients described their own experiences with psychedelic treatments for mental disorders. These studies looked at about 180 patient accounts across different drugs and different illnesses. Even though the drugs and treatment settings were very different, many patients described similar helpful processes, such as…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ayahuasca Ibogaine

Psychedelic medicine: a re-emerging therapeutic paradigm

Kenneth W. Tupper, Evan Wood, Richard Yensen, Matthew W. Johnson

Researchers around the world have started clinical studies again to see if psychedelic drugs can help treat serious mental health problems. This work picks up after research that stopped around the 1950s. Scientists are running controlled studies to test whether these substances can safely reduce problems like depression, anxiety, addiction…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ketamine LSD

Legal highs: staying on top of the flood of novel psychoactive substances

David Baumeister, Luis M. Tojo, Derek K. Tracy

This review explains the fast-growing problem of so-called "legal highs", which are better called novel psychoactive substances or NPS. Unknown labs keep making slightly different chemicals to avoid bans, and this led to about 80 new substances being spotted in one year. The paper groups these drugs into five main…

Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Cannabis Ketamine

The therapeutic potential of psilocybin: a systematic review

Jan van Amsterdam, Wim van den Brink
Expert Opinion on Drug Safety Summary & key facts 2022 73 citations

This paper looked across existing studies of psilocybin and found that, when it is given along with psychotherapy or therapy-style support, it looks promising as a treatment for several mental health problems, including cases that did not get better with other treatments. But the authors say the current studies are…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Psilocybin

Therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelics and entactogens

Boris D. Heifets, David E. Olson
Neuropsychopharmacology Summary & key facts 2023 59 citations

This paper reviews human and animal research on so-called psychedelics (like psilocybin and LSD) and entactogens (mainly MDMA). The authors say these drugs can produce fast improvements in mental health that sometimes last for months or longer. But we do not yet understand exactly how they work. Human studies point…

Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ketamine LSD

The Therapeutic Potential of Psychedelic-assisted Therapies for Symptom Control in Patients Diagnosed With Serious Illness: A Systematic Review

Lucas Oliveira Maia, Yvan Beaussant, Ana Cláudia Mesquita Garcia

This paper looked at 20 clinical trials to see whether therapies that use psychedelic drugs together with talking therapy can help people who have serious, life‑limiting illnesses. The review found that these therapies often helped with psychological and spiritual problems like anxiety, low mood, and fear of dying. The drugs…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ketamine LSD

Psychedelics: Alternative and Potential Therapeutic Options for Treating Mood and Anxiety Disorders

Henry Lowe, Ngeh J. Toyang, Blair Steele, Justin Grant, Amza Ali, Lorenzo Gordon, et al.
Molecules Summary & key facts 2022 52 citations

This paper is a review of research about psychedelic drugs and whether they could help with mood and anxiety problems. It explains that these drugs were used for thousands of years in some cultures, then were banned in the 1960s which slowed scientific study. The authors describe a new wave…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ayahuasca LSD

Psychedelic Commercialization: A Wide-Spanning Overview of the Emerging Psychedelic Industry

Jacob S. Aday, Brian S. Barnett, Dan Grossman, Kevin S. Murnane, Charles D. Nichols, Peter S. Hendricks
Psychedelic Medicine Summary & key facts 2023 49 citations

This article is a broad review of the new psychedelic industry. The authors look at how psychedelic drugs and clinics moved from decades-old research into a fast-growing business with hundreds of companies and big investment. They describe what companies are trying to sell, point out major scientific, legal, and ethical…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Diverse academic research themes Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ayahuasca Ibogaine

The Emerging Field of Psychedelic Psychotherapy

Gregory Barber, Scott T. Aaronson
Current Psychiatry Reports Summary & key facts 2022 48 citations

This review looks at recent research where drugs like MDMA and psilocybin are given inside carefully run therapy programs. People get hours of preparation, one or more drug sessions, and several follow-up therapy sessions to help make sense of the experience. Trials so far show big improvements for some people…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Diverse academic research themes Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ayahuasca Ibogaine
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