Frontier mental health research: psychedelics & drug studies

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18 papers

Anxiety or worry

Based on 41 papers

Researchers are finding several promising ways to reduce anxiety and worry. The strongest and most consistent clinical results so far come from giving psychedelic or fast‑acting drugs together with careful psychotherapy. Ketamine, MDMA, and psilocybin show the quickest and clearest positive results in trials for related problems. Non‑drug approaches like talking therapies and physical activity also help and have longer histories of evidence. At the same time, many drug studies are still small, early‑stage, or done in narrowly selected groups. Important factors that shape outcomes include how the drug is given, the therapy around it, and safety monitoring. There are real risks and unanswered questions, so scientists say more large, diverse, and carefully run trials are needed before these treatments become routine.

Key findings

  • Giving psychedelic drugs together with structured psychotherapy has produced positive results in clinical trials, especially for hard‑to‑treat depression and for PTSD when MDMA is used with therapy. 15063 15086 15053 15085
  • Clinical trials testing psychedelics specifically for people diagnosed with anxiety disorders are fewer and smaller, but a review of nine trials reported reductions in anxiety for several drugs (ketamine, LSD, MDMA, psilocybin, ayahuasca). This evidence is promising but still limited. 15068 15053
  • Ketamine can reduce depressive and anxiety‑like symptoms quickly. Animal and cell studies show low ketamine doses change glutamate receptors and boost fast synaptic activity, which likely helps its rapid effects in people. 10148 15068 15091
  • Non‑drug treatments also have solid evidence. High‑quality reviews find psychodynamic psychotherapy helps some anxiety problems, and walking and other physical activity produce medium‑sized drops in anxiety symptoms in randomized trials. 13302 8785 8792
  • How a psychedelic session is prepared and run matters a lot. Reviews and treatment guides agree that screening, preparing a person’s mindset, the physical setting, and follow‑up therapy are commonly used and considered important for safety and benefit. 15065 15086 15063 15092
  • Psychedelics appear to change the brain by increasing plasticity (the brain’s ability to form new connections) and by lowering inflammation in some studies, but human evidence for measurable blood markers (like BDNF) is mixed and not conclusive. 15132 15050 15091 15129
  • There are safety concerns and limits to generalizing results. Serious risks have been linked to some compounds (for example ibogaine can have cardiac risks), long‑lasting perceptual problems have been reported after hallucinogen use, and many trials include few people of color. 15085 15080 15048 15095
  • Many clinical trials are early‑stage or small. No psychedelic medicine is yet widely approved for anxiety disorders, and researchers call for larger, well‑controlled, and more diverse studies before changing standard care. 15078 15056 15095

Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: a review of the literature

Timothy I. Michaels, Jennifer Purdon, Alexis Collins, Monnica T. Williams
BMC Psychiatry Summary & key facts 2018 247 citations

The authors reviewed psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy studies published from 1993 to 2017 to see how many people of color took part. They found 18 studies with about 280 people. About 82% of participants were non-Hispanic White, while only small percentages were African American, Latino, Asian, indigenous, or mixed race. Because so…

Natural Compound Pharmacology Studies Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ayahuasca LSD

Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: A Paradigm Shift in Psychiatric Research and Development

Eduardo Ekman Schenberg
Frontiers in Pharmacology Summary & key facts 2018 229 citations

This paper describes psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, which means giving drugs like ketamine, MDMA, psilocybin, LSD or ibogaine together with guided therapy. The authors say this approach has shown promising safety and benefits so far, even for people who did not get better with usual treatments. They also argue that these therapies…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ibogaine Ketamine

Psychedelics in Psychiatry: Neuroplastic, Immunomodulatory, and Neurotransmitter Mechanisms

Antonio Inserra, Danilo De Gregorio, Gabriella Gobbi
Pharmacological Reviews Summary & key facts 2020 215 citations

This review looked at many studies about classic psychedelics (like psilocybin and LSD), MDMA, ketamine, and plant medicines (like ayahuasca). The authors explain how these drugs can change the brain’s wiring, calm inflammatory processes, and shift key brain chemicals. Those actions may help explain why small clinical trials and animal…

Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Tryptophan and brain disorders Ayahuasca Ketamine

Psychedelic Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis of Patient Experiences in Qualitative Studies

Joost J. Breeksema, Alistair Niemeijer, Erwin Krediet, Eric Vermetten, Robert A. Schoevers
CNS Drugs Summary & key facts 2020 207 citations

Researchers collected and read 15 studies where patients described their own experiences with psychedelic treatments for mental disorders. These studies looked at about 180 patient accounts across different drugs and different illnesses. Even though the drugs and treatment settings were very different, many patients described similar helpful processes, such as…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ayahuasca Ibogaine

Psychedelic medicine: a re-emerging therapeutic paradigm

Kenneth W. Tupper, Evan Wood, Richard Yensen, Matthew W. Johnson

Researchers around the world have started clinical studies again to see if psychedelic drugs can help treat serious mental health problems. This work picks up after research that stopped around the 1950s. Scientists are running controlled studies to test whether these substances can safely reduce problems like depression, anxiety, addiction…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ketamine LSD

Legal highs: staying on top of the flood of novel psychoactive substances

David Baumeister, Luis M. Tojo, Derek K. Tracy

This review explains the fast-growing problem of so-called "legal highs", which are better called novel psychoactive substances or NPS. Unknown labs keep making slightly different chemicals to avoid bans, and this led to about 80 new substances being spotted in one year. The paper groups these drugs into five main…

Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Cannabis Ketamine

The therapeutic potential of psilocybin: a systematic review

Jan van Amsterdam, Wim van den Brink
Expert Opinion on Drug Safety Summary & key facts 2022 73 citations

This paper looked across existing studies of psilocybin and found that, when it is given along with psychotherapy or therapy-style support, it looks promising as a treatment for several mental health problems, including cases that did not get better with other treatments. But the authors say the current studies are…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Psilocybin

Psychedelic Therapy’s Transdiagnostic Effects: A Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Perspective

John R. Kelly, Claire M. Gillan, Jack Prenderville, Clare Kelly, Andrew Harkin, Gerard Clarke, et al.
Frontiers in Psychiatry Summary & key facts 2021 61 citations

This paper reviews clinical and lab studies about psychedelic therapy, which means using a psychedelic drug together with psychological support. The authors say this approach looks promising for several different mental health problems that share rigid or harmful patterns of feeling, thinking, or acting — especially major depression, depression that…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies

Therapeutic mechanisms of psychedelics and entactogens

Boris D. Heifets, David E. Olson
Neuropsychopharmacology Summary & key facts 2023 59 citations

This paper reviews human and animal research on so-called psychedelics (like psilocybin and LSD) and entactogens (mainly MDMA). The authors say these drugs can produce fast improvements in mental health that sometimes last for months or longer. But we do not yet understand exactly how they work. Human studies point…

Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ketamine LSD

Psychedelics: Alternative and Potential Therapeutic Options for Treating Mood and Anxiety Disorders

Henry Lowe, Ngeh J. Toyang, Blair Steele, Justin Grant, Amza Ali, Lorenzo Gordon, et al.
Molecules Summary & key facts 2022 52 citations

This paper is a review of research about psychedelic drugs and whether they could help with mood and anxiety problems. It explains that these drugs were used for thousands of years in some cultures, then were banned in the 1960s which slowed scientific study. The authors describe a new wave…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ayahuasca LSD

Psychedelic therapies reconsidered: compounds, clinical indications, and cautious optimism

Jennifer Mitchell, B. Anderson
Neuropsychopharmacology Summary & key facts 2023 44 citations

This review describes a rapid rise in medical research on psychedelic drugs over the past five years. Several later-stage clinical trials have been published, and many different drugs — including psilocybin, MDMA, ketamine, LSD, ayahuasca, and ibogaine — are being tested for conditions such as depression, post‑traumatic stress, addiction, obsessive‑compulsive…

Chemical synthesis and alkaloids Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Ayahuasca Ibogaine

On Perception and Consciousness in HPPD: A Systematic Review

Pieter J. Vis, Anna E. Goudriaan, Bastiaan C. ter Meulen, Jan Dirk Blom
Frontiers in Neuroscience Summary & key facts 2021 37 citations

Researchers read through 66 published case reports and case series about a condition called hallucinogen‑persisting perception disorder, or HPPD. Together the reports described about 100 people and 64 different perceptual problems. The review found that HPPD often involves many kinds of symptoms, not just the classic visual "flashbacks," and that…

Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior Psychedelics and Drug Studies Other
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